Programa de salud cardiovascular: atenciones en Santiago de Chile en contexto de pandemia / Cardiovascular health program: service in Santiago de Chile during the pandemic

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en las Américas y en Chile. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha impactado la oferta de servicios de salud en la atención primaria, afectando el cuidado de las comunidades con alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas. En Chile, el Programa de Salud Cardiovascular brinda atención multiprofesional a personas con estas enfermedades en la atención primaria. Objetivo: Describir la variación de las prestaciones de servicios del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular en las comunas de la provincia de Santiago de Chile, durante el periodo 2014-2020 y su relación con la pobreza multidimensional en el periodo de pandemia. Método: Estudio descriptivo y ecológico. Se analizó la variación porcentual de las atenciones de enfermería, medicina y nutrición para cada comuna de la provincia de Santiago durante 2014-2020, utilizando registros del Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Se indagó en la variación 2019-2020 como descripción de la provisión de servicios del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular durante el primer año de pandemia y se analizó su asociación con la pobreza multidimensional. Resultados: La pandemia por COVID-19 impactó fuertemente en las atenciones del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular en la provincia de Santiago. Los controles disminuyeron en promedio un 60.43 %. Los controles de nutrición fueron los más afectados y los menos afectados los controles por medicina. Este impacto no se asoció con el nivel de pobreza multidimensional de cada comuna. Conclusiones: La magnitud en la disminución de atenciones revela la importancia de realizar vigilancia a la oferta de atenciones y ofrece una oportunidad para adelantarse a las consecuencias que esto implica.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the Americas and in Chile. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the supply of health services in primary care, affecting the attention of communities with a high prevalence of chronic diseases. In Chile, the Cardiovascular Health Program provides multi-professional primary care to people with these diseases. Aim: To describe the variation in the care assistance of the Cardiovascular Health Program to the communities of the province of Santiago de Chile, along the period of 2014 to 2020 and its relation to the multidimensional poverty during the pandemic. Method: This is a descriptive and ecological study. The percentage of variation in nursing, medicine, and nutrition care was analyzed for each community, using the records of the Ministry of Health of Chile. The variation from 2019 to 2020 was investigated as a description of the assistance of the Cardiovascular Health Program provided during the first year of the pandemic and its association with multidimensional poverty. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic strongly impacted the quality of assistance of the Cardiovascular Health Program control services in the province of Santiago. The controls decreased by an average of 60.43 %. The nutrition services were the most affected and the least affected were the physician services. This impact was not associated with the multidimensional poverty level in each community. Conclusions: It is important to monitor the impact of the pandemic on the assistance of the most prevailing chronic diseases in the population and to anticipate the consequences that this implies.

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade nas Américas e no Chile. A pandemia da COVID-19 impactou a oferta dos serviços de saúde na atenção primária, afetando o atendimento de comunidades com alta prevalência de doenças crónicas. No Chile, o Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular oferece atendimento multiprofissional às pessoas com essas doenças na atenção primária. Objetivo: Descrever a variação na prestação de serviços do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular nos municípios da província de Santiago do Chile, durante o período 2014-2020 e sua relação com a pobreza multidimensional no período pandêmico. Método: Estudo descritivo e ecológico. A variação percentual das atenções de enfermagem, medicina e nutrição para cada comuna da província de Santiago durante 2014-2020, usando os registos do Ministério da Saúde do Chile. A variação 2019-2020 foi investigada como descrição da prestação de serviços do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular durante o primeiro ano da pandemia e analisou-se a sua associação com a pobreza multidimensional. Resultados: A pandemia da COVID-19 teve forte impacto no atendimento do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular na província de Santiago. Os controles diminuíram em média 60,43%. Os controles por nutricionista foram os mais afetados e os menos foram os controles pelo médico. Este impacto não foi associado ao nível de pobreza multidimensional de cada comunidade. Conclusões: A magnitude da diminuição do atendimento revela a importância do monitoramento da oferta de atenção e oferece uma oportunidade de antecipar as consequências que isso implica.

Relationship between vitamin B12 levels and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean / Relação entre níveis de vitamina B12 e resistência à insulina em mulheres na pós-menopausa da Colômbia Caribe

Introduction: The high prevalence of low vitamin B12 serum levels has been recognized as a public health problem in Latin America; however, the current magnitude of this deficiency in Colombia is uncertain. Low levels of vitamin B12 can induce clinical and subclinical hematological and neurological disorders. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of vitamin B12 in insulin resistance has been poorly studied. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin B12 serum levels and biochemical and anthropometric markers related to CVDs and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean. Methods: Correlational, descriptive study. By convenience sampling, 182 postmenopausal women from the medical consultation service of a health institution were linked. Serum vitamin B12 levels, anthropometric variables (body mass index, abdominal perimeter), and biochemical variables (glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, HOMA IR) were evaluated. Results: The average value of the vitamin B12 serum level was 312.5 ± 122.5 pg/mL (230.6 ± 90.4 pmol/L); 46.7% of the women had less than adequate levels of 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), and 9. 9% were deficient, with levels of less than 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L). The women with metabolic syndrome were 63.7%, and according to HOMA IR, 52.7 % had insulin resistance. A significant inverse relationship was shown between serum vitamin B12 levels with basal glycemic (P =0.002) and HOMA-IR (P =0.040). Conclusions: A significant inverse relationship between vitamin B12 levels and basal glycemia and HOMA-IR was observed. These findings highlight vitamin B12 deficiency in postmenopausal women and suggest nutritional supplementation.Keywords: Vitamin B12, Insulin resistance, Diet, Postmenopause, Cardiovascular diseases (AU).

Introdução: A alta prevalência de baixos níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foi reconhecida como um problema de saúde pública na América Latina, mas a magnitude atual dessa deficiência na Colômbia é incerta. Baixos níveis de vitamina B12 podem induzir distúrbios hematológicos e neurológicos clínicos e subclínicos. Na verdade, estudos epidemiológicos demonstram uma relação entre deficiência de vitamina B12 e doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs). No entanto, o papel da vitamina B12 na resistência à insulina tem sido pouco estudado. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 e marcadores bioquímicos e antropométricos relacionados com doenças cardiovasculares e resistência à insulina em mulheres pós-menopáusicas da Colômbia Caribe. Métodos: Estudo correlacional, descritivo. Por amostragem de conveniência, foram vinculadas 182 mulheres na pós-menopausa do serviço de consulta médica de uma instituição de saúde. Níveis séricos de vitamina B12, variáveis antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, perímetro abdominal) e variáveis bioquímicas (glicemia, insulina, perfil lipídico, HOMA IR) foram avaliadas. Resultados: O valor médio do nível sérico de vitamina B12 foi de 312,5 ± 122,5 pg/mL (230,6 ± 90,4 pmol/L); 46,7% das mulheres tinham níveis abaixo do adequado de 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), e 9,9% eram deficientes, com níveis abaixo de 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L).As mulheres com síndrome metabólica foram 63,7% e, segundo o HOMA IR, 52,7% apresentavam resistência à insulina. Uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 com glicemia basal (P = 0,002) e HOMA-IR (P = 0,040) foi mostrada. Conclusões: Foi observada uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis de vitamina B12 e glicemia basal e HOMA-IR. Esses achados destacam a deficiência de vitamina B12 em mulheres na pós-menopausa e sugerem suplementação nutricional (AU).

The epidemiological burden of reducing salt intake in Paraguay: A modeling study / A carga epidemiológica da redução do sal no Paraguai: um estudo de modelagem

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to estimate the epidemiological burden of excessive salt intake reduction and achieve the World Health Organization salt reduction target for 2025 in Paraguay, in 2019. Methods We used the Preventable Risk Integrated Model, a comparative risk assessment macro-simulation model, to estimate the averted deaths, disease incidence, and disability-adjusted life years from cardiovascular disease attributable to salt intake in the population of Paraguay for different salt reduction policy scenarios. Results As a result, in Paraguay, excessive salt intake (over 5 g/day) is responsible for approximately 2,656 cardiovascular disease deaths (95% Uncertainty Interval: 1,250-3,765), 4,816 cardiovascular disease cases (95% UI: 2,251-6,947), and 60,529 disability-adjusted life years (95% UI: 27,828-86,258) per year. By reducing salt consumption by 30%, as recommended by the World Health Organization until 2025, approximately 1,188 deaths (95% UI: 520 to 1,820), 2,100 incident cases (95% UI: 923-3,234), and 27,272 disability-adjusted life years (95% UI: 11,999-41,675) from cardiovascular disease could be averted every year. Conclusion In conclusion, the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to excessive salt intake is significant and salt reduction policies must become a priority in Paraguay.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo visa estimar a carga epidemiológica do consumo excessivo de sal e o alcance da meta da Organização Mundial de Saúde para 2025 no Paraguai, em 2019. Métodos Foi usado um modelo de avaliação comparativa de risco (Preventable Risk Integrated Model) para análise comparativa de risco para estimar mortes, casos incidentes e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (DALYs) por doenças cardiovasculares atribuíveis ao consumo excessivo de sal na população paraguaia em diferentes cenários. Resultados No Paraguai, o consumo excessivo de sal é responsável por aproximadamente 2.656 mortes (Intervalo de Incerteza 95%: 1.250-3.765), 4.816 casos incidentes (95% II: 2.251-6.947) e 60.529 DALYs (95% II: 27.828-86.258) por doenças cardiovasculares por ano. Com uma redução de 30% no consumo de sal, como recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde até 2025, aproximadamente 1.188 mortes (95% II: 520-1.820), 2.100 casos incidentes (95% II: 923-3.234) e 27.272 DALYs (95% II: 11.999-41.675) por doenças cardiovasculares poderiam ser prevenidos ou adiados por ano. Conclusão Concluiu-se que a carga de doenças cardiovasculares atribuível ao consumo excessivo de sal no Paraguai é significante e políticas de redução deveriam ser priorizadas no país.

Prescription of statins according to the ASCVD estimator at Pablo Arturo Suarez Hospital, March 2021 to February 2022 / Prescripción de estatinas según el estimador ASCVD en el Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, marzo 2021 a febrero 2022

Worldwide, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease. The study details the prescription of statins at the Pablo Arturo Suarez Hospital in Ecuador between March 2021 and February 2022 following the ASCVD risk scale of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. There are 563 people in this cross-sectional and retrospective study: 70% women, 30% men, 93.30% mestizos, 48.10% diabetics, 62.30% hypertensives, and 18.70% smokers. 26.10% of all patients received statins, with simvastatin being the most common (96.60%). The mean cardiovascular risk in the general population was 15.52 ± 14.51%, 44.99% of subjects had a risk lower than 7.50%, and 29% had a risk higher than 20%, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) according to sex. The study determined that 58.60% of the population received a statin or an inadequate dosage.

A nivel mundial, la principal causa de muerte es la enfermedad cardiovascular. El estudio detalla la prescripción de estatinas en el Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez de Ecuador entre marzo de 2021 y febrero de 2022, siguiendo la escala de riesgo ASCVD del Colegio Americano de Cardiología y la Asociación Americana del Corazón. Son 563 personas en este estudio transversal y retrospectivo: 70% mujeres, 30% hombres, 93.30% mestizos, 48.10% diabéticos, 62.30% hipertensos y 18.70% fumadores. El 26.10% de los pacientes recibía estatinas, siendo la simvastatina la más frecuente (96.60%). El riesgo cardiovascular medio en la población general fue de 15.52 ± 14.51%, el 44.99% de los sujetos tenía un riesgo inferior al 7.50%, y el 29% tenía un riesgo superior al 20%, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.001) según el sexo. El estudio determinó que el 58.60% de la población recibía una estatina o una dosis inadecuada.

Enfermedades cardiovasculares: ¿qué perciben las mujeres de Uruguay? / Cardiovascular diseases: what do women in Uruguay perceive? / Doenças cardiovasculares: ¿o que percebem as mulheres no Uruguai?

Antecedentes: aunque la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de muerte de las mujeres en Uruguay, ellas no lo perciben. Objetivos: el propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción, el conocimiento y las conductas de prevención de las ECV entre mujeres por grupos de edad, nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y región, así como su conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo, síntomas y comportamientos cardiosaludables. Métodos: en 2020 se encuestaron vía web 700 mujeres de entre 20 y 70 años, residentes en Uruguay (Montevideo: 301, interior del país: 399). Se pautó publicidad en redes sociales para convocar a la población objetivo a participar. Las integrantes de la muestra, que completaron una encuesta autoadministrada, presentaban distribución similar a la población general en cuanto al NSE y la edad. Resultados: las mujeres encuestadas percibieron a la ECV como principal problema de salud (PS) en el 10% y como primera CM en el 18%. Las montevideanas, comparadas con las del interior, tuvieron mayores niveles de percepción (PS: 13% vs. 7%-CM: 20% vs. 17%); así como las de NSE alto vs. las de medio-bajo (PS: 17% vs. 8%-CM: 29% vs. 14%). La percepción y el conocimiento sobre ECV son bajos, las jóvenes son las menos informadas (escasos/muy escasos: 62%). Los médicos advierten poco sobre síntomas (23%) y estrategias de prevención (48%). Conclusión: la percepción de las mujeres encuestadas sobre la ECV es baja, existiendo brechas por edad, NSE y región. En la consulta, los médicos informan poco sobre el tema. Es necesario un esfuerzo continuo para mejorar la percepción de las mujeres sobre la ECV en su propio género, intentando llegar principalmente a las poblaciones de mayor riesgo.

Background: although cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death for women in Uruguay, they do not perceive it. Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the perception, knowledge, and prevention behaviors of CVD among women by age group, socioeconomic level (SEL), and region, as well as knowledge of risk factors, symptoms, and heart-healthy behaviors. Method and result: online survey of 700 women residents of Uruguay (Montevideo: 301, interior of the country: 399), was conducted in 2020, ages between 20 and 70 years. Advertising was scheduled on social networks, calling the target population to participate in that research by completing a selfadministered survey, obtaining a set of cases with a similar distribution to the general population in terms of SEL and age. CVD was perceived in 10% as the main health problem (HP) and 18% as the first CD. Women from Montevideo vs. interior had higher levels of perception (HP: 13% vs. 7%-CD: 20% vs. 17%); as well as those of high vs. those of mediumlow SEL (HP: 17% vs. 8%-CD: 29% vs. 14%). The perception and knowledge about CVD are low, with young women being the least informed (little/very little: 62%). Doctors report little on symptoms (23%) and prevention (48%). Conclusion: the perception of the women surveyed about CVD is low, with gaps by age, NSE and region. Doctors inform little about this topic during clinical visits. A continuous effort is necessary to improve women's perception of CVD in their own gender, trying to reach mainly the populations at greatest risk.

Antecedentes: embora a doença cardiovascular (DCV) seja a principal causa de morte das mulheres no Uruguai, elas não a percebem. Objetivos: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção, conhecimento e comportamentos de prevenção de DCV entre mulheres por faixa etária, nível socioeconômico (NSE) e região, bem como o conhecimento de fatores de risco, sintomas, doenças cardíacas e comportamentos saudáveis para o coração. Método e resultado: em 2020, 700 mulheres entre 20 e 70 anos, residentes no Uruguai, foram entrevistadas via web (Montevidéu: 301, interior do país: 399). A publicidade foi agendada nas redes sociais, convocando a população alvo a participar da referida pesquisa através do preenchimento de um inquérito autoaplicável, obtendose um conjunto de casos com distribuição semelhante à população geral em termos de NSE e idade. As mulheres pesquisadas perceberam a DCV como principal problema de saúde (PS) em 10% e como principal CM em 18%. As mulheres de Montevidéu vs. interior apresentaram níveis mais elevados de percepção (PS: 13% vs. 7%-CM: 20% vs. 17%); bem como as de NSE alto vs. as de médiobaixo (PS: 17% vs. 8%-CM: 29% vs. 14%). A percepção e o conhecimento sobre DCV são baixos, sendo as mulheres jovens as menos informadas (pouco/muito pouco: 62%). Os médicos informam pouco sobre síntomas (23%) e prevenção (48%). Conclusão: a percepção das mulheres pesquisadas sobre DCV é baixa, com diferenças por idade, NSE e região. Os médicos informam pouco sobre esse tema durante as consultas clínicas. É necessário um esforço contínuo para melhorar a percepção das mulheres sobre as DCV em seu próprio gênero, tentando atingir principalmente as populações de maior risco.

Emergency Department Visits and Deaths from Cardiovascular Diseases at a Referral Center for Cardiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed measures of social distancing and, during this time, there has been an elevation in cardiovascular mortality rates and a decrease in the number of emergency visits. Objectives To assess and compare in-hospital mortality for cardiovascular diseases and emergency department visits during the COVID-19 pandemic and the same period in 2019. Methods Retrospective, single-center study that evaluated emergency visits and in-hospital deaths between March 16, 2020 and June 16, 2020, when the steepest fall in the number of emergency admissions for COVID-19 was registered. These data were compared with the emergency visits and in-hospital deaths between March 16 and June 16, 2019. We analyzed the total number of deaths, and cardiovascular deaths. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results There was a 35% decrease in the number of emergency visits and an increase in the ratio of the number of deaths to the number of emergency visits in 2020. The increase in the ratio of the number of all-cause deaths to the number of emergency visits was 45.6% and the increase in the ratio of the number of cardiovascular deaths to the number of emergency visits was 62.1%. None of the patients who died in the study period in 2020 tested positive for COVID-19. Conclusion In-hospital mortality for cardiovascular diseases increased proportionally to the number of emergency visits during the COVID-19-imposed social distancing compared with the same period in 2019. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Caracterización epidemiológica de pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos en consultorio en Quinta Normal, 2018-2019 / Epidemiological features of patients ascribed to a primary care cardiovascular health program in Santiago, Chile

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and diabetes are highly prevalent conditions in Chilean adults. AIM: To describe the demographic and clinical profiles, risk factors and complications associated with arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients ascribed to a cardiovascular health program at a public primary health care center in Santiago. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of 583 patients aged 37 to 95 years (56% women). Gender, age, smoking habits, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin levels, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels, nutritional status in the last control carried out, and associated cardiovascular complications were recorded. RESULTS: Thirty four percent (201 participants) and 36% (210 participants) had a decompensated DM and AH, respectively. Dyslipidemia was the main associated cardiovascular risk factor. The prevalence of obesity was 43% (249 participants). Twenty percent had chronic kidney disease and 13% had diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: These patients have a high frequency of obesity, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease.

Risco nutricional e cardiovascular em idosos quilombolas / Nutritional and cardiovascular disease risk in older persons living in Quilombola communities

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o risco nutricional e cardiovascular segundo medidas antropométricas em idosos quilombolas do estado do Maranhão. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em 11 comunidades remanescentes de quilombolas do município de Bequimão, Maranhão, Brasil. Realizou-se censo da população idosa que representou 205 pessoas. Foram estimados os riscos nutricional e cardiovascular por meio dos indicadores antropométricos segundo sexo e idade. Realizou-se Testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exacto de Fisher e análises de variância. Diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes quando p<0,05. Idosos quilombolas vivem em precárias condições de moradia e de infraestrutura sanitária, com elevado risco nutricional e cardiovascular, mas com diferenças entre sexo e idade. O excesso de peso foi mais prevalente em mulheres e idosos mais jovens, enquanto os homens e idosos com 80 ou mais anos apresentaram-se mais desnutridos e com maior perda de massa corporal. O risco cardiovascular foi maior entre as mulheres e em todas as faixas etárias. Idosos quilombolas vivem em vulnerabilidade socioeconômica e apresentaram alta prevalência de baixo peso, perda de massa muscular e alto risco cardiovascular, sendo maior risco entre mulheres e idosos do grupo de maior idade.

Abstract This article aims to assess nutritional and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk based on anthropometric measures among older persons living in Quilombola communities in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 205 older persons living in 11 Quilombola communities in Bequimão, Maranhão. Nutritional and CVD risk were estimated according to sex and age group based on anthropometric indicators using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and analysis of variance, adopting a significance level of p<0.05. The study participants suffer precarious housing, basic sanitation and social conditions. Prevalence of nutritional and CDV risk was high across the sample, showing differences between sexes and age groups. Prevalence of excess weight was higher in women and the youngest age group, while prevalence of malnourishment and loss of muscle mass was higher in men and individuals aged 80 years and over. Prevalence of CVD risk was high across all age groups and higher in women than men. The older persons living in the Quilombola communities investigated by this study are socially vulnerable and showed high prevalence of low weight, loss of muscle mass and CDV risk. The prevalence of CVD risk was higher among women and the oldest age group.

Association between socioeconomic and nutritional factors and height of Brazilian adolescents: results from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents / Associação entre fatores socioeconômicos e nutricionais e altura de adolescentes brasileiros: resultados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes / Asociación entre los factores socioeconómicos y nutricionales y la estatura de los adolescentes brasileños: resultados del Estudio de Riesgo Cardiovascular en Adolescentes

This study aims to describe the mean height of adolescents from the five regions of Brazil and to evaluate socioeconomic and nutritional factors associated with normal growth. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Brazilian urban and rural areas with students aged 12 to 17 years (n = 71,553). Anthropometry, socioeconomic variables, physical activity, and diet were evaluated. Height-for-age z-scores were calculated and multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of exposure variables with height (outcome) by sex and age (12-13, 14-15, and 16-17 years). We observed a lower mean height in adolescents from the North Region and in individuals with low socioeconomic status. At 17 years of age, the closest to the final height in this sample, mean heights for girls and boys were 160.9 ± 0.1cm and 173.7 ± 0.3cm, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, physical activity (girls β = 0.119, 95%CI: 0.035; 0.202; boys β = 0.092, 95%CI: 0.012; 0.172) and high level of maternal education (girls β = 0.103, 95%CI: 0.001; 0.204; boys β = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.245; 0.534) were positively associated with height-for-age z-score in 16- to 17-year-old boys and girls. Other factors positively associated with height-for-age z-score in older students include higher protein consumption (β = 0.022, 95%CI: 0.010; 0.035) and obesity (β = 0.217, 95%CI: 0.084; 0.350) for boys, and low weight (β = 0.205, 95%CI: 0.028, 0.382) for girls. We observed differences in the mean height among adolescents from the five Brazilian regions. Normal growth, especially among older adolescents, was associated with high maternal education, practice of physical activity, protein consumption, and body mass index (BMI) categories.

Buscou-se descrever a altura média dos adolescentes das cinco regiões do Brasil e avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos e nutricionais que estejam associados ao seu crescimento normal. Este é um estudo transversal realizado em ambientes urbanos e rurais no Brasil com estudantes de 12 a 17 anos (n = 71.553). Avaliamos antropometria, variáveis socioeconômicas, atividade física e dieta. Calculou-se os escores-z por idade e investigou-se a associação das variáveis de exposição com altura (desfecho) por sexo e idade (12-13, 14-15 e 16-17 anos) através de múltiplos modelos de regressão linear. Observou-se menor altura média em adolescentes da região Norte e em baixos níveis socioeconômicos. Aos 17 anos, o mais próximo da altura final nesta amostra, as alturas médias para meninas e meninos foram de 160,9 ± 0,1cm e 173,7 ± 0,3cm, respectivamente. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, atividade física (meninas β = 0,119, IC95%: 0,035; 0,202; meninos β = 0,092, IC95%: 0,012; 0,172) e Ensino Médio materno (meninas β = 0,103, IC95%: 0,201; 0,204; meninos β = 0,39, IC95%: 0,245; 0,534) estiveram positivamente associados ao escore-z de altura por idade em meninos e meninas de 16-17 anos. Maior consumo de proteína (β = 0,022, IC95%: 0,010; 0,035) e obesidade (β = 0,217, IC95%: 0,084; 0,350) estiveram positivamente associados ao escore-z de altura para a idade meninos mais velhos, enquanto a variável associada às meninas foi baixo peso (β = 0,205, IC95%: 0,028; 0,382). Observou-se diferenças na altura média de adolescentes das cinco regiões brasileiras. O crescimento normal, especialmente entre adolescentes mais velhos, esteve associado à escolaridade materna, à prática de atividade física, ao consumo de proteínas e às categorias de índice de massa corporal (IMC).

Los objetivos fueron describir la estatura media de los adolescentes de las cinco regiones de Brasil y evaluar los factores socioeconómicos y nutricionales asociados al crecimiento normal. Estudio transversal realizado en entornos urbanos y rurales de Brasil con estudiantes de 12 a 17 años (n = 71.553). Se evaluaron la antropometría, las variables socioeconómicas, la actividad física y la dieta. Se calculó la puntuación Z de la altura para la edad y se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para investigar la asociación de las variables de exposición con la altura (resultado) por sexo y edad (12-13, 14-15 y 16-17 años). Se observó una estatura media más baja en los adolescentes de la región norte y en los de nivel socioeconómico bajo. A los 17 años, la edad más cercana a la estatura final en esta muestra, las estaturas medias de las chicas y los chicos eran de 160,9 ± 0,1cm y 173,7 ± 0,3cm, respectivamente. En el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, la actividad física (chicas β = 0,119, IC95%: 0,035; 0,202; chicos β = 0,092, IC95%: 0,012; 0,172) y la madre con educación secundaria (chicas β = 0,103, IC95%: 0,001; 0,204; chicos β = 0,39, IC95%: 0,245; 0,534) se asociaron positivamente con la puntuación z de la altura para la edad en chicos y chicas de 16-17 años. En el caso de los chicos, el mayor consumo de proteínas (β = 0,022, IC95%: 0,010; 0,035) y la obesidad (β = 0,217, IC95%: 0,084; 0,350), mientras que, en el caso de las chicas, el bajo peso (β = 0,205, IC95%: 0,028; 0,382) también se asociaron positivamente con la puntuación z de la altura para la edad en los estudiantes mayores. Se observaron diferencias en la estatura media entre los adolescentes de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El crecimiento normal, especialmente entre los adolescentes de mayor edad, se asoció con la alta escolaridad de la madre, la práctica de actividad física, el consumo de proteínas y las categorías de índice de masa corporal (IMC).

Prevalência e Fatores Associados à SRAG por COVID-19 em Adultos e Idosos com Doença Cardiovascular Crônica / Prevalence and Associated Factors of SARS by Covid-19 in Adults and Aged People with Chronic Cardiovascular Disease

Resumo Fundamento A presença de Doença Cardiovascular (DCV) em indivíduos infectados pela COVID-19 pode implicar em um pior prognóstico. Objetivo Descrever a prevalência da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 e analisar os fatores associados a essa condição em adultos e idosos com doença cardiovascular no Brasil até a 30ª Semana Epidemiológica de 2020. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com dados do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe), referente às fichas de notificação de SRAG de indivíduos hospitalizados no Brasil, entre a 1a e 30a Semana Epidemiológica de 2020. Foram incluídos adultos e idosos (≥ 18 anos) com DCV. A variável dependente foi a confirmação de SRAG por COVID-19 e foram analisados fatores relacionados a características sociodemográficas, sinais e sintomas e fatores clínicos. Aplicou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Foram analisadas as notificações de 116.343 indivíduos. Destes, 61,9% obtiveram diagnóstico de SRAG por COVID-19. A prevalência do desfecho foi 4% menor nas mulheres (IC95%: 0,94-0,99) e 18% menor em zonas rurais (IC95%: 0,77-0,87). Observou-se prevalência maior na faixa etária de 50 a 59 anos (IC95%: 1,09-1,48) e na região nordeste (IC95%: 1,72-1,91). Febre, tosse, internação em UTI, uso de suporte ventilatório e caso nosocomial também foram significativamente associados a uma maior probabilidade de SRAG por COVID-19 nesses indivíduos. Conclusão Há alta prevalência de SRAG por COVID-19 em adultos e idosos com DCV no Brasil. Associaram-se fatores relacionados a características sociodemográficas, clínicas, sinais e sintomas.

Abstract Background The presence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in individuals infected with COVID-19 may imply a worse prognosis. Objective To describe the prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) by COVID-19 and to analyze the factors associated with this condition in adults and the elderly with cardiovascular disease in Brazil until the 30th Epidemiological Week of 2020. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe - SIVEP-Gripe), referring to the SARS notification forms of hospitalized individuals in Brazil, between the 1st and 30th Epidemiological Week of 2020. Adults and the aged (≥ 18 years old) with CVD. The dependent variable was SRAG confirmation by COVID-19 and factors related to sociodemographic characteristics, signs and symptoms, and clinical factors were analyzed. Poisson regression with robust variance was applied. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results Notifications from 116,343 individuals were analyzed. Of these, 61.9% were diagnosed with SARS by COVID-19. The prevalence of the outcome was 4% lower in women (95%CI: 0.94-0.99) and 18% lower in rural areas (95%CI: 0.77-0.87). There was a higher prevalence in the 50 to 59 age group (95%CI: 1.09-1.48) and in the northeast region (95%CI: 1.72-1.91). Fever, cough, admission to the ICU, use of ventilatory support, and nosocomial cases were also significantly associated with a higher probability of SRAS by COVID-19 in these individuals. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of SARS by COVID-19 in adults and aged people with CVD in Brazil. Factors associated with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, signs, and symptoms were associated.

Desigualdades socioeconómicas en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares: Región Pacifico de Colombia, 2002-2015 / Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases: Pacific Region of Colombia, 2002-2015

Resumen Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte en el mundo y en Colombia siendo consideradas un serio problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar espacial y temporalmente la mortalidad por ECV en la región Pacifico de Colombia durante el periodo 2002-2015 y su asociación con algunos indicadores socioeconómicos municipales usando técnicas estadísticas de análisis espacial. Fue un estudio descriptivo-ecológico en los 177 municipios de la región Pacifico que usó datos de mortalidad por ECV, bajo los códigos I00-I99 de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10), y siete indicadores socioeconómicos municipales. El análisis incluyó cálculo de tasas de mortalidad crudas y estandarizadas, según sexo, para las ECV y sus principales causas, y la modelación del conteo de defunciones usando modelos jerárquicos Bayesianos. Durante el periodo 2002-2015 las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad por ECV mostraron una tendencia descendente en hombres (129,0 a 119,3) y en mujeres (129,0 a 110,0) siendo las principales causas de muerte las enfermedades isquémicas del corazón, seguidas de las cerebrovasculares. En general, el riesgo de mortalidad por ECV fue mayor en los municipios menos favorecidos económica y socialmente.

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world, and they are considered a serious public health problem in Colombia. The main goal of this study was to analyze CVD mortality spatially and temporarily in the Pacific region of Colombia during the 2002-2015 period, and its association with some municipal socio-economic indicators using spatial statistical analysis techniques. It involved a descriptive-ecological study in the 177 municipalities of the Pacific region that used CVD mortality data, under codes I00-I99 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), and seven municipal socio-economic indicators. The analysis included the calculation of crude and standardized mortality rates, according to sex, for CVD and its main causes, and modeling of CVD death counts using Bayesian hierarchical models. During the 2002-2015 period, standardized rates of CVD mortality showed a downward trend in men (129.0 to 119.3) and in women (129.0 to 110.0), the main causes of death being ischemic heart diseases, followed by cerebrovascular diseases. In general, the risk of CVD mortality was higher in the less economically and socially privileged municipalities.

Análisis de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos y nutricionales en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 e hipertensos esenciales usuarios de atención privada y pública / Analysis of cardiometabolic and nutritional risk factors in patients with diabetes type 2 and essential hypertension users of private and public care

La enfermedad cardiovascular es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en Chile, según resultados entregados por la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2017 un 3,3% de la población ha presentado un infarto agudo al miocardio, un 2,6% reporta haber sufrido un ataque cerebrovascular, el 74% de los chilenos presenta obesidad y un 87% sedentarismo, siendo la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) con un 12% y la hipertensión arterial con un 28% resultados que preocupan por su importante incremento. La investigación tuvo un diseño observacional de corte transversal. Se realizó en 69 pacientes con DM2 e hipertensos esenciales, entre 40 y 80 años de edad, pertenecientes al Sistema salud municipal (SMS) y privado (SPS) en la ciudad de Iquique. Se realizó encuesta alimentaria, medición antropométrica y exámenes bioquímicos y presión arterial. Al analizar ambos grupos se destaca los siguientes resultados: actividad física 17,24% SPS y 42,5% en SSM, presión arterial controlada 55,2% SPS y 87,5% en SSM, control de hemoglobina glicosilada 26,9% SPS y 52,5% en SSM, colesterol total alterado 17,9% SPS y 45% en SSM, síntomas depresivos 96,5% SPS y 26,3% en SSM. Se evidenció una prevalencia de mal nutrición por exceso de un 89,7% SPS y 95% SSM, riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) según circunferencia de cintura (CC) 96,5% SPS y 92,3% SSM. En relación a la encuesta alimentaria se observó que un 44,8% en usuarios SPS y 52,5% de SSM presentaron consumo alimentario hipercalórico. Los usuarios de atención privada y pública presentaron factores de riesgo cardiovascular, donde destacan la obesidad, sedentarismo y RCV según CC. Al comparar ambos grupos los usuarios SPS presentan menor control metabólico de su enfermedad y factores de riesgo cardiovascular aumentados en relación a los usuarios SSM.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Chile, according to the results provided by the 2017 National Health Survey, 3.3% of the population has presented acute myocardial infarction, 2.6% reported have suffered a cerebrovascular accident, 74% of Chileans are obese and 87% have sedentary behavior, belonging to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) into 12% and arterial hypertension into 28%, alarming results due to their significant increase. The research had a cross-sectional observational study design. 69 patients with DM2 and essential hypertensive patients, between 40 and 80 years of age were studied, belonging to the municipal (SSM) and private (SPS) health systems in the city of Iquique. A food intake survey, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical and blood pressure tests were taken. When analyzing both groups, the following results stand out: physical activity 17.24% in SPS and 42.5% in SSM, controlled blood pressure 55.2% in SPS and 87.5% in SSM, controlled glycosylated hemoglobin 26.9% in SPS and 52.5% in SSM, altered values of total cholesterol 17.9% in SPS and 45% in SSM, depression symptoms 96.5% in SPS and 26.3% in SSM. Prevalence of malnutrition due to excess 89.7% in SPS and 95% in SSM, cardiovascular risk (RCV) according to waist circumference (CC) 96.5% in SPS and 92.3% in SSM were evidenced. In relation to the food intake survey, it was observed that 44.8% of SPS users and 52.5% of SSM users consume hypercaloric diet. The users of private and public care presented cardiovascular risk factors, where the obesity, sedentary lifestyle and RCV related to CC stand out. When comparing both groups, SPS users have less control of their disease in relation to SSM users.

Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA): fatores associados ao trabalho na adolescência / Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA): factors associated with work in adolescence

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar associação entre trabalho e fatores sociodemográficos, de condutas de saúde e de risco cardiovasculares em adolescentes brasileiros. Foram analisados dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), com amostra constituída de 37.815 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, estudantes do turno matutino. Considerando a amostragem complexa, foram calculadas as Razões de Prevalências (RP) brutas e ajustadas com estimativas intervalares para as variáveis usando modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância. Os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros foram: sexo masculino (RP 1,34), idade entre 15 e 17 anos (RP 1,68), escolaridade materna até o fundamental (RP 1,26), de escola pública (RP 1,63) e da zona rural (RP 1,90). Em relação a hábitos de vida e comportamento social, a associação foi significativa em alunos ativos fisicamente (RP 1,19) e que consumiam álcool (RP 1,35). Em conclusão, o trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros estudantes do turno matutino ainda está ligado fortemente às questões sociais. O trabalho foi associado ao consumo de álcool e não houve associação com marcadores metabólicos.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the association between work and sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adolescents. Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were analyzed, with a sample of 37,815 adolescents aged 12-17 years and morning shift students. Considering complex sampling, crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR) were calculated with interval estimates for variables by Poisson multiple regression model with robust variance estimate. The sociodemographic factors associated with work among Brazilian adolescents were male gender (PR 1.34), aged 15-17 years, with maternal schooling up to elementary school (PR 1.26), public school students (PR 1.63), and from the rural area (PR 1.90). Regarding lifestyle habits and social behavior, the association was significant in physically active (PR 1.19) and alcohol-consuming students (PR 1.35). In conclusion, work among Brazilian adolescent morning shift students is still strongly linked to social issues. Work was associated with alcohol consumption, and there was no association with metabolic markers.

Prevalencia de enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores en pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular pertenecientes a un centro de atención primaria mediante el uso del índice tobillo-brazo / Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease of lower extremities in high cardiovascular risk patients from primary care using the ankle-brachial index

Resumen Objetivo: La enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores (EAOC EEII) ha sido subestimada y subdiagnosticada especialmente a nivel de atención primaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de EAOC EEII en pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular pertenecientes a un centro de salud familiar. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 246 pacientes, con una potencia estadística del 80% y un nivel de confianza del 95%, seleccionándolos aleatoriamente de 1.361 pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular alto del CESFAM Cordillera Andina, a quienes se les realizó la medición del índice tobillobrazo (ITB). Se estimaron IC 95% para cada media y porcentaje reportado, considerándose un valor de p significativo menor de 0,05 en las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas. Resultados: Se observó un ITB < 0,9 en el 43,2% (114), donde el 33,7% (89) refería síntomas de claudicación intermitente, mientras que un 9,5% (25) se encontraba asintomático. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes con EAOC EEII se observó en el grupo etario entre 60 y 80 años, que en conjunto alcanzaba el 85,1% de los pacientes con esta patología, siendo significativamente menor en pacientes menores de 60 y mayores de 80 años (p < 0,001). Conclusión: Encontramos una prevalencia de enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores de un 43,2% en pacientes de riesgo cardiovascular alto, quienes no presentaban este diagnóstico previamente. El índice tobillobrazo corresponde a un examen simple, rápido y con una gran utilidad diagnóstica por lo que debería considerarse su incorporación en las guías ministeriales para la evaluación de pacientes cardiovasculares en atención primaria.

Aim: The peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has been underestimated and underdiagnosed particularly at primary care setting. Our aim was to calculate the prevalence of PAD in high cardiovascular risk patients from a primary care center. Materials and Method: Is an observational, cross section study. We calculated a sample size of 246 patients, with a power of 80% and a significance level of 95%, who were selected randomly from 1.361 high cardiovascular risk patients according to the Framingham score, who attended at Cordillera Andina primary care center, measuring the anklebrachial index (ABI) in this group of patients. A 95% confidence interval was calculated for each mean and proportion and a p value less than 0.05 were considered as significant for all statistic tests. Results: We found an ABI < 0.9 in the 43.2% (114) of the sample, where 33.7% (89) presented symptoms of intermittent claudication, while 9.5% (25) did not have symptoms. The highest proportion of PAD was detected in patients between 60 and 80 years, who represented 85.1% of the patients with PAD, being significantly less its prevalence in people under 60 and over 80 years (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A prevalence of PAD of 43.2% in high cardiovascular risk patients who did not have this diagnosis before was found. The anklebrachial index is an easy, fast and very useful test to diagnose PAD in the majority of patients at primary care level, as consequent, its incorporation to clinical guidelines should be evaluated.

Rendimiento de ecuaciones para predecir riesgo cardiovascular en una población de Argentina / Performance of equations to predict cardiovascular risk in an Argentine population

Resumen El rendimiento de las ecuaciones existentes de predicción de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) en población argentina es desconocido. Se comparó RCV estimado por dichas ecuaciones, con la ocurrencia de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) en una población de pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular de un hospital argentino. Se incluyeron aleatoriamente adultos entre 40 y 70 años, excluyéndose quienes al momento del enrolamiento presentaban historia de ECV mayor, cáncer activo, o tratamiento hipolipemiante. Se calculó RCV a 10 años al momento de inclusión, utilizando ecuaciones de Framingham 2008, SCORE (para poblaciones de bajo y alto riesgo), ATP III, Organización mundial de la saludregión América B (OMS-B) y Ecuación de Cohorte Agrupada (ECA). El fin de seguimiento fue 10 años ± 6 meses, ocurrencia de infarto de miocardio fatal o muerte por cualquier causa. Se utilizaron curvas ROC para evaluar discriminación (ABC > 0.75 buena discriminación). La calibración se evaluó mediante chi-cuadrado de Hosmer Lemeshow (Chi > 20 o p < 0.05 pobre calibración). Incluimos 606 pacientes, 366 mujeres, edad promedio 56.7 ± 8.4 años. Se observaron 10 (1.7%) muertes de causa no cardiovascular, 5 (0.8%) causa cardiovascular. Se registraron 58 (9.8%) ECV no fatales. Hubo aceptable discriminación para ecuaciones de Framingham, ATP-III y ECA. La calibración global solo fue buena con las ecuaciones de ATP-III y ECA. La frecuencia observada de ECV fue baja, y hubo sobreestimación de RCV con todas las ecuaciones. Sin embargo, se podría sugerir la aplicación de las ecuaciones de ATP-III o ECA en esta población.

Abstract The performance of available risk scores to predict cardiovascular risk (CVR) in the Argentinian population is unknown. Our aim was to compare the CVR predicted by several equations with the occurrence of cardiovascular events (CVE) in patients without known cardiovascular disease in an Argentinian hospital. Adults between 40 and 70 years were randomly selected, excluding those with prior history of major CVE, active cancer, lipid lowering treatment and absence of follow-up data. Framingham 2008, SCORE (low and high-risk populations), ATP III, World Health OrganizationAmerican B region (WHO-B) and Pooled Cohort equations (PC) risk scores were used to calculate 10-y CVR at time of enrollment. End of follow-up was 10 years ± 6 months, occurrence of fatal myocardial infarction or death from any cause. We used ROC curves to assess discrimination (AUC > 0.75 good discrimination), and Hosmer Lemeshow chi-square to evaluate calibration (Chi > 20 or p value < 0.05 poor calibration). We included 606 patients in our study, 336 women, average age 56.7 ± 8.4 year. Of those, 10 (1.7%) non-cardiovascular deaths, and 5 (0.8%) cardiovascular deaths were observed. 58 (9.8%) a non-fatal CVE were recorded. There was acceptable discrimination for Framingham, ATP-III, and both PC equations. The global calibration was only good with the ATP-III and PC equations. The observed frequency of CVE was low, and the CVR was overestimated by all equations. However, applying ATP-III or PC equations to assess CVR could be considered in our population.

Association between falls and cardiovascular diseases in the geriatric population / Asociación entre caídas y enfermedades cardiovasculares en los ancianos

Abstract Objective: To determine the association of cardiovascular diseases with falls in the geriatric population. Methods: Original, Transversal and analytical study. Elderly patients who attend the external consultation of the Geriatrics service, older than 65 years, with falls history, perform comprehensive geriatric assessment to indentify causes of falls in the period from March 2018 to June 2019. We perform measures of central tendency, chi-square test X2 for qualitative variables, we performed linear regression model. Results: A total of 669 patients were included, the analysis shows association with frailty [OR 1.65 (95% CI 1.37-3.77), p <0.05], Heart Failure [OR 1.02, (95% CI, 0.68 - 1.54), p < 0.05 ], the logistic regression analysis with the variables (Fragility, SAH, es: DM2, AMI, Stroke, AF, postural hypotensive syncope, Hypothyroidism, Dyslipidemia, and HF) shows that the probability of falling is 57%. Conclusion: Cardiovascular diseases have a high prevalence in the population studied and increase the risk of falls. Individually analyzed cardiovascular diseases do not show an association with the syndrome of falls in the elderly, except for frailty, which proved to be an independent factor that increases the risk of falls with an OR 1.65. When analyzing them together, the risk of falling increases up to 57%. It is necessary to correctly identify and treat cardiovascular diseases in the elderly.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de las caídas con las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la población geriátrica. Métodos: Estudio original, transversal y analítico. Se incluyó a los pacientes que acuden a la consulta externa del Servicio de Geriatría, mayores de 65 años, con antecedentes de caídas, se realizó una evaluación geriátrica integral para identificar las causas de las caídas en el periodo de marzo de 2018 a junio de 2019. Realizamos medidas de tendencia central, chi cuadrada (prueba c2) para variables cualitativas, realizamos modelo de regresión lineal. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 669 pacientes. El análisis muestra asociación con fragilidad (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 1.37-3.77); p < 0.05]), insuficiencia cardiaca (OR: 1.02; IC 95%: 0.68-1.54); p < 0.05). El análisis de regresión logística con las variables fragilidad, HAS, DM2, IAM, EVC, FA, síncope por hipotensión ortostática, hipotiroidismo, dislipidemia e insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) muestra que la probabilidad de caídas es del 57%. Conclusión: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares tienen una alta prevalencia en la población estudiada y aumentan el riesgo de caídas. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares analizadas individualmente no muestran una asociación con el síndrome de caídas en los ancianos, a excepción de la fragilidad, que resultó ser un factor independiente que aumenta el riesgo de caídas con una OR de 1.65. Al analizarlas juntas, el riesgo de caídas se incrementa en un 57%. Es necesario identificar y tratar correctamente las enfermedades cardiovasculares en los ancianos.

Lipoprotein(a) levels in children and adolescents: Ouro Preto Study

Abstract Background Lipoprotein (a) is a cardiovascular risk factor in adult. Studies have shown the presence of this emergent risk factor in school children, which may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in adulthood. Objective To evaluate the association between lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk factors in school children. Methods Lipoprotein (a) levels were measured in 320 school children (6-14 years) selected from a population survey carried out in Ouro Preto (southeast of Brazil). Demographic (sex and age), biochemical (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose), anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage), clinical (arterial blood pressure, pubertal stage and birth weight) and economic (family income) parameters, as well as family history (obese and/or hypertensive parents) were analyzed. Non-parametric analysis was used to evaluate lipoprotein (a) levels in each subgroup. Variables with p≤0.20 in the univariate analysis were included in binary regression logistic model. Differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results Lipoprotein (a) levels were associated with total cholesterol (p=0.04), body fat (p=0.009), and mother´s systolic (p=0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.04). In a logistic regression analysis, children with high lipoprotein (a) levels and body fat, and children born from hypertensive mothers were, respectively, at 3.2(p=0.01) and 1.4 (p=0.03) times higher risk than other children. In clustering these factors, elevated lipoprotein (a) was 2.6 times more likely to be seen in school children with high body fat and born hypertensive mothers. Conclusions Lipoprotein (a) was correlated with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Persistence of these risk factors in childhood suggests a contribution of elevated lipoprotein (a) to future cardiovascular disease. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

População com risco cardiovascular elevado em uso de medicamento e aconselhamento: a situação do Brasil em relação à meta mundial, 2014-2015 / Población de riesgo cardiovascular elevado en uso de medicamento y asesoramiento: la situación de Brasil en relación al objetivo mundial, 2014-2015 / Population with high cardiovascular risk receiving drug therapy and counseling: Brazil's status regarding the global goal, 2014-2015

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de risco cardiovascular (RCV) elevado, a proporção de pessoas com RCV elevado que recebem tratamento e aconselhamento, e investigar os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao desfecho, no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados de subamostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, coletados por exames bioquímicos, em 2014-2015. Empregou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A proporção de RCV elevado em homens foi de 11,2% (IC95% 9,6;12,9), e em mulheres, de 10,4% (IC95% 9,2;11,8%). No grupo com RCV elevado, 68,8% (IC95% 63,7;73,4%) receberam aconselhamento; 59,3% (IC95% 54,2;64,3%), medicamento; e 55,6% (IC95% 50,4;60,7%), ambos. Na análise multivariável, receber tratamento e aconselhamento mostrou associação com a idade de 50 anos e mais, e com autoavaliação de saúde ruim/muito ruim (RP=1,26 - IC95% 1,06;1,51). Conclusão: A proporção de pessoas com RCV elevado que receberam tratamento e aconselhamento foi superior a 50%.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalência de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) elevado, la proporción de personas con RCV elevado que reciben tratamiento y asesoramiento, e investigar los factores sociodemográficos asociados al resultado, en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con datos de la submuestra de la Investigación Nacional de Salud, recolectados por exámenes bioquímicos, en 2014-2015. Se usó la regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La proporción de RCV elevado en hombres fue del 11,2% (IC95% 9,6; 12,9) y en mujeres del 10,4% (IC95% 9,2;11,8%). En el grupo con RCV elevado, 68,8% (IC95% 63,7; 73,4%) recibió asesoramiento, 59,3% (IC95% 54,2;64,3%) medicamento y 55,6% (IC95% 50,4;60,7%) ambos. En el análisis multivariable, recebir tratamiento y asesoramiento se mostró asociado a la edad de 50 años y más, y a autoevaluación de salud mala/muy mala (RP=1,26 - IC95% 1,06;1,51). Conclusión: La proporción de personas con RCV elevado que recibió tratamiento y asesoramiento fue superior a 50%.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of high cardiovascular risk (CVR), the proportion of people with high CVR who receive treatment and counseling, and to investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with this outcome, in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, using subsample data from the National Health Survey, collected via biochemical tests, in 2014-2015. Poisson regression was used. Results: The proportion of high CVR in men was 11.2% (95%CI 9.6;12.9), and 10.4% (95%CI 9.2;11.8%) in women. In the group with high CVR, 68.8% (95%CI 63.7;73.4%) received counseling, 59.3% (95%CI 54.2;64.3%) received medication, and 55.6% (95%CI 50.4;60.7%) received both. In the multivariate analysis, receiving treatment and counseling was associated with being aged 50 years and over, and poor/very poor self-rated health (PR=1.26 - 95%CI 1.06;1.51). Conclusion: The proportion of people with high CVR who had received treatment and counseling was over 50%.

Factors associated with cardiovascular disease in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey, 2019 / Fatores associados às doenças cardiovasculares na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: to estimate the prevalence and investigate the sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle factors associated with the self-reported diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in the adult Brazilian population. Methods: Data from the National Health Survey (PNS 2019) were analyzed. The presence of CVD was self-reported through the question: "Has any doctor ever given you a diagnosis of heart disease?". Sociodemographic factors, health conditions, and lifestyle were evaluated. For data analysis, Poisson Regression with robust variance was used. Results: 5.3% (95%CI 5.04-5.57) of Brazilian adults reported CVD, of which, 29.08% (95%CI 27.04-31.21) underwent coronary artery bypass surgery or angioplasty and 8.26% (95%CI 7.09-9.6) reported severe limitation in usual activities due to CVD. The factors associated with CVD were advanced age; being male; white race/color; complete middle school and incomplete high school education; have health insurance; self-assessing health as regular or bad/very bad; self-reported hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes; being a former smoker; consuming fruits and vegetables as recommended; not consuming alcohol in excess; and not practicing leisure-time physical activity. Conclusions: CVD is associated with sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle factors. It is important to support public policies, programs, and goals for the reduction of cardiovascular diseases in Brazil, especially in the most vulnerable groups.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e investigar os fatores sociodemográficos, de saúde e estilo de vida associados ao diagnóstico autorreferido de doença cardiovascular na população adulta brasileira. Métodos: Analisaram-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2019). A presença de doença cardiovascular foi autorreferida por meio da pergunta: "Algum médico já lhe deu o diagnóstico de uma doença do coração?". Avaliaram-se fatores sociodemográficos, condições de saúde e estilo de vida. Para analisar os dados, utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: 5,3% (IC95% 5,04-5,57) dos adultos brasileiros referiram doença cardiovascular, destes, 29,08% (IC95% 27,04-31,21) realizaram cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica ou angioplastia coronariana e 8,26% (IC95% 7,09-9,60) relataram limitação intensa nas atividades habituais pela doença cardiovascular. Os fatores associados à doença cardiovascular foram idade avançada; ser do sexo masculino; raça/cor branca; ter ensino fundamental completo e médio incompleto; possuir plano de saúde; autoavaliar a saúde como regular ou ruim/muito ruim; autorrelatar hipertensão, colesterol alto e diabetes; ser ex-fumante; consumir frutas e hortaliças conforme o recomendado; não consumir álcool de forma abusiva; não praticar atividade física no lazer. Conclusões: A doença cardiovascular está associada a fatores sociodemográficos, de saúde e estilos de vida. Torna-se importante apoiar políticas públicas, programas e metas para reduzir doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil, especialmente nos grupos mais vulneráveis.

Fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do Sul do Brasil / Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil / Factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares entre adolescentes de la zona rural de un municipio del sur de Brasil

O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e fatores associados ao seu acúmulo entre adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal, do tipo censo de base escolar, com amostra de 515 estudantes matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental das 21 escolas municipais rurais de Pelotas. Os fatores de risco comportamentais investigados foram: inatividade física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras; experimentação de álcool e tabaco; e adição de sal à comida. O desfecho do estudo foi o escore de aglomeração de fatores de risco comportamentais variando de 0 a 3: nenhum fator de risco comportamental para DCV ou exposição a 1, 2 ou ≥ 3 fatores de risco comportamentais. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal para avaliar o efeito ajustado das características individuais sobre o acúmulo de fatores de risco comportamentais, tendo como categoria de referência os indivíduos sem qualquer fator de risco. A inatividade física foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (74,8%), seguido do consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente 42% dos adolescentes apresentaram dois fatores de risco comportamentais, sendo a combinação inatividade física e consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras a mais prevalente (23%). As chances de acumular dois ou mais fatores de risco comportamentais aumentou com a idade. A presença de fatores de risco comportamentais, bem como a simultaneidade destes é bastante elevada entre os adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, evidenciando que eles estão expostos ao desenvolvimento de DCV. São necessárias intervenções preventivas de ocorrência simultânea desses fatores.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors associated with their accumulation in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional school-based census-type study with a sample of 515 sixth to nineth-grade schoolchildren in 21 rural public schools in Pelotas. The target behavioral risk factors were: physical inactivity; irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens; initiation to alcohol consumption and smoking; and addition of salt to foods. The study outcome was the cluster score of behavioral risk factors, varying from 0 to 3: no behavioral risk factors for CVD or exposure to 1, 2, or ≥ 3 behavioral risk factors. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the effect adjusted for individual characteristics on the accumulation of behavioral risk factors, using as the reference category individuals without any risk factor. Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (74.8%), followed by irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (56.2%). Approximately 42% of the adolescents presented two behavioral risk factors, the most prevalent combination of which was physical inactivity and irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (23%). The odds of accumulating two or more behavioral risk factors increased with age. The presence and simultaneity of behavioral risk factors is quite high among adolescents from the rural area of Pelotas, showing that they are exposed to the development of CVD. Interventions are needed to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of these risk factors.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares (DCV por sus siglas en portugués) y factores asociados a su acumulación entre adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal, tipo censo de base escolar, con muestra de 515 escolares matriculados del 6º al 9º año de Enseñanza Fundamental de las 21 escuelas municipales rurales de Pelotas. Los factores de riesgo comportamentales investigados fueron: inactividad física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras; experimentación de alcohol y tabaco y adición de sal a la comida. El resultado del estudio fue la puntuación de aglomeración de factores de riesgo comportamentales, variando de 0 a 3: ningún factores de riesgo comportamentales para DCV o exposición a 1, 2 o ≥ 3 factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizó regresión logística ordinal, para evaluar el efecto ajustado de las características individuales sobre el acúmulo de factores de riesgo comportamentales, teniendo como categoría de referencia los individuos sin cualquier factor de riesgo. La inactividad física fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (74,8%), seguido del consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente un 42% de los adolescentes presentaron dos factores de riesgo comportamentales, siendo la combinación inactividad física y consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras la más prevalente (23%). Las oportunidades de acumular dos o más factores de riesgo comportamentales aumentaron con la edad. La presencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales, así como la simultaneidad de estos es bastante elevada entre los adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, evidenciando que ellos están expuestos al desarrollo de DCV. Son necesarias intervenciones preventivas para la ocurrencia simultánea de estos factores.